Temporary and Permanent Phrasal Adjectives

Temporary and Permanent Phrasal Adjectives Temporary and Permanent Phrasal Adjectives Temporary and Permanent Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol Use of phrasal adjectives, combinations of two or more words that as a grammatical unit provide additional details to nouns, is complicated by standards of usage pertaining to hyphens. This post discusses various types of phrasal adjectives (some of which have, since they were coined, been fused to form single words). Just as there are three structural types of compound nouns (closed, as with hindsight, hyphenated, as with life-form, and open, as with â€Å"cell phone†), adjectives are also built in one of (the same) three ways. Occasionally, when a phrasal adjective is formed, its original hyphenated form is superseded by a closed treatment, as with the simple adjective heartwarming, which started out as the phrasal adjective â€Å"heart warming.† How does one learn which phrasal adjectives have been fused? Consult a dictionary. Hyphenated phrasal adjectives are further subdivided into two categories: temporary and permanent. Temporary phrasal adjectives are phrases consisting of an adjective and another form of speech, such as the adverb-adjective team of â€Å"well trained.† Note, however, that this instance of this phrasal adjective, though located in a discussion about hyphenation of such parts of speech, is not hyphenated. Why? Because most phrasal adjectives, those designated as temporary, are hyphenated only before a noun: â€Å"That is a well-trained dog,† but â€Å"That dog is well trained.† Some phrasal adjectives are considered permanent; one example is â€Å"short-lived,† and though it should technically be hyphenated after a noun (as in â€Å"Their triumph was short-lived†), The Chicago Manual of Style recommends forgoing hyphenation in most such cases when no misreading is likely. How is a writer to know which category a phrasal adjective belongs to? Consult a dictionary. Note, however, that some terms are not obvious. On Merriam-Webster’s website, â€Å"cutting edge† is designated as a noun, and the adjectival form appears as a footnote to the noun’s definition. But there it is: â€Å"cutting-edge.† That phrasal adjective, with a hyphen, is permanent- it’s in the dictionary- so hyphenate it before a noun, but again, per Chicago, it can be left open after the noun. One form of phrasal adjective that usually needs no hyphenation is one beginning with an adverb ending in -ly, such as in â€Å"happily married couple.† But if the phrasal adjective is extended, as in â€Å"not-so-happily-married couple,† hyphenate it. Finally, there’s the permanent open phrasal adjective, such as â€Å"information technology,† which never needs hyphenation (unless, again, it is extended, as in â€Å"information-technology-related discussion†). Why? Repeat after me: â€Å"It’s in the dictionary.† Note, too, that hyphenation is omitted in proper names used as phrasal adjectives, as in â€Å"Los Angeles freeways† and â€Å"the Sylvester Stallone school of acting,† though, again, if another word is included in the phrasal adjective, an exception is made. However, in this case, because two or more words constitute a single concept, an en dash used as a super-hyphen should link the proper name to the additional word: â€Å"Los Angeles–style traffic† and â€Å"Sylvester Stallone–lite acting.† Another exception is for terms of art, or jargon that a particular publication or industry deems so well established that, in a specific context, no confusion is likely; therefore, â€Å"open source,† which is treated as a hyphenated permanent phrasal adjective in the dictionary, is often left open before or after a noun in technology-related content. (In general-circulation publications, however, it is generally hyphenated before a noun.) A final caution: Various phrasal adjectives beginning with a common element are not necessary styled the same: A student in the first grade is a first-grade student, but firsthand is a closed compound, and â€Å"first person,† though treated as an open compound in the dictionary (like â€Å"cutting edge,† mentioned above), is listed as a noun, and when employed as a phrasal adjective, it should still be hyphenated before a noun. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with36 Poetry TermsHow to Style Legislative Terms

Make an Easy and Fun Glow in the Dark Lava Lamp

Make an Easy and Fun Glow in the Dark Lava Lamp Use common household ingredients to make a safe lava lamp that glows in the dark. This is a variation on the popular oil and water lava lamp, except instead of coloring water with food coloring, you use a water-based liquid that glows. Glowing Lava Lamp Materials clear plastic bottle (a 20-ounce or 2-liter bottle works great)vegetable oilglowing water (or another glowing liquid)Alka-Seltzer tabletsblack light (may be optional, but even glowing liquids are brighter with one) Whether the lava glows on its own or glows under a black light depends on the materials you choose. If you use glowing paint, expose the lava lamp to bright light, turn out the lights,  and it will truly glow in the dark. However, the easiest and brightest liquid to use is glowing highlighter ink. If you arent sure how to get the ink out of the highlighter, I have instructions. This ink (and your lava lamp) will glow when exposed to black or ultraviolet light. What To Do Fill the bottle most of the way full with vegetable oil.Add a big spoonful of glowing water (or your glowing liquid of choice).Turn on the black light and dim the lights in the room.When you are ready for the lava to flow, break a seltzer tablet into pieces and  add the pieces to the bottle.Cap the bottle and enjoy the magic.You can recharge the lava lamp by adding more seltzer tablet chunks. The Science Behind How It Works The globules form because oil and water (or a water-based liquid) are immiscible. The oil has a nonpolar nature, while water is a polar molecule. No matter how much you shake the bottle, the two components will always separate. The movement of the lava is caused by the reaction between the seltzer tablets and water. Carbon dioxide gas forms bubbles, which rise to the top of the liquid and cause it to circulate. The glow of the lava comes from either phosphorescence or fluorescence, depending on the chemical you used. Fluorescence occurs when a material absorbs energy and almost immediately releases light. A black light is used to make fluorescent materials to keep glowing.  Phosphorescence is a slower process in which energy is absorbed and released as light, so once a phosphorescent material is charged with light, it may continue to glow for several seconds, minutes, or even hours, depending on the specific chemicals.